The Way They Thought of this Future
Prior to the possibility of space flight, we as Americans had only imagined the beautiful, odd or scary creatures that may inhabit the universe beyond the power of our telescopes and science. The hoax War of the Worlds was an example of this, as well as the reaction by radio audiences everywhere. I believe there was a scientific spirit, and a burning desire to know whether or not we truly are the only planet here in our galaxy that has the blessing of living organisms. Are we alone? This question was apparently entertained quite often in the years following the legendary broadcast that claimed we would be invaded by aliens since the following year (1939) someone would make a prediction about such matters. This prediction was that "The force of gravity on Mars is one-third of that on the earth and therefore we would seem to be three times stronger. Ten-foot high jumps, forty-foot long jumps and lifting 300-pound weights would all be possible. This would be of great advantage if any creatures of Mars attacked us, for we should be the equal of three of them. And if there were too many of them to fight, we should also be able to run faster than they can" (1). I get the feeling that this was the result of someone pondering the circumstances of an extraterrestrial invasion, and if we would be able to defend ourselves in such the case.
I suppose since Charles Darwin's Origin of Species was published in 1959, scientists had sought to prove that if evolution could appear here, it was possible elsewhere. What better place to assume this theory than Mars? After all, Mars is the closest planet to us but not closer to the sun where it might be a bit TOO hot. What is the atmosphere like there? Astronomers and philosophers, various cultures, had long known about the planet, but it was not until telescopic observations had become advanced enough in the 18th and 19th Century that began to fuel this possibility. British Astronomer William Herschel in 1784 addressed the Royal Society about Mars, declaring that he had observed by his telescope some clouds, and "considerable but modest atmosphere, so that its inhabitants probably enjoy a situation in many respects similar to our own" (2). Nearly a century later in 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli introduced a map based on observations of the planet that detailed "canali", or canals that were Earth-like. Later, American astronomer Percivial Lowell would be influenced by his canali and establish an observatory that took the first photographs of Mars that "proved" canali (2). So if Mars had features that were indeed Earth-like, as what had supposedly been observed by the technology of the time, then there would be evolution! There should be inhabitants on Mars! Of course, these canals would later be discovered to be an error in observation (as the telescopes at the time were not as advanced), however, that did not stop a flurry of Earthlings imagining life on the planet.
Along with the general consensus of paranoia that plagued the United States throughout the Cold War, "unidentified flying objects" (UFO's) flavored even more so the idea that Martians could indeed invade our planet. We had yet to make it to space when the Roswell alien invasion had supposedly occurred in the 1940's. The "Race to Space" was the acceleration of our obsession with not only space, but what also we could do with technology to explore space. Surprisingly enough, although it took until a few decades later, people were already entertaining the idea of space ship rockets by 1928, when according to Fritz von Opel (a German automaker) there was a scientific possibility to the "construction of man-carrying rockets capable of crossing the millions of miles of outer space and researching planets" (4). The 1960's saw the Apollo 11 mission to the moon (first man on the moon) as well as the first surface photos of Mars by the Mariner expeditions, which successfully made it to the red planet and gave the people of Earth our first close up observations of its atmosphere (3). By the late 1970's, we were sending rovers to Mars for additional photos, and today we continue to collect data from the planet's surface by way of rovers such as the Opportunity and Curiosity rovers. Although we do not generally believe anymore in Martian invasions or even probably other life within our galaxy (since we have observed a great deal more with our space missions over the second half of the twentieth-century and first decade of the twenty-first), we are still determined to know what life might exist or has existed on Mars. We are still obsessed! We would not have sent as many missions to the planet if we were not still determined to know if the theory of evolution is applicable outside of our own planet. Now, of course the 1939 prediction of Martian weaklings seems almost completely ridiculous (since science is still discovering the planet, of course), but I chalk it up mainly to the fever that was an after thought caused by the previously mentioned legendary broadcast War of the Worlds, as well as the scientific research (in the field of astronomy) that had been possible up to that point.
References
(1) Benford, Gregory. "Chapter 6 This Unfinished World." The Wonderful Future That Never Was. New York, NY: Hearst, 2010. 172. Print.
(2) Plaxco, Jim. "Mars Timeline of Discovery:1800 Thru 1962." Mars Timeline of Discovery. N.p., Dec. 1999. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.astrodigital.org/mars/timeline2.html>
(3) Williams, David R. "The Mariner Missions." The Mariner Missions. NASA, 06 Jan. 2005. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html>
(4) Benford, Gregory. "Chapter 6 This Unfinished World." The Wonderful Future That Never Was. New York, NY: Hearst, 2010. 194. Print.